nth to do now..
tmr is geog and chinese exams...
so i shall do geog revision here...

coastal management
1. revetment: parallel struc to the shore, expensive, more for short term defence
2. seawall: mostly the same as revetment just that they look diff.
3. groynes: perpendicular to the shore, extend from the beach to the sea, ugly
4. beach replenishment: addn of sand to the beach, constant maintenance
5. breakwater: three hundred feets offshore (relative shallow water), subject to damage

no management? no beach..

settlement

relief
fertile soil
natural hazards
water source (rivers, streams, lakes)
defence
....
are locational factors of a settlement

factors deciding the growth of the settlement
1. natural resources
2. natural hazards
3. transport (easy access, trading routes)
4. political stability
5. job opportunity - industralization
....

urban settlement
urbanisation: the process by which an increasing proportion of an area's population becomes concentrated in urban areas
urban growth: the rate of growth of an urban population

migration
rural- urban
*perceived perception
forced/ voluntary

problems of urban growth
high cost of land - housing problem
migration
pollution
transportation
crime
physical problems

urban sustainability:
the state a metropolitan community reaches once it is able to meet the needs of present generation w/o compromising the ability of the next generation to meet their own needs

solar panel
china- eco-city shanghai, tianjing
brazil, curitiba
recycling
....

squatter settlement
reason:
migration: no skills- no money- build temporary houses with any usable materials - squatter
features:
usu. along rivers, on steep hillslopes, under bridges or near transport routes (railways), on any vacant spaces (usu. at e edge of the city)
unventilated, lack of basic services (water, sanitation and healthcare), poor disposal systems, inadequate drainage system, overcrowded

problems (12):
1. lack of clean water
2. pollution (waste)
3. disease outbreak
4. prone to fire
5. prone to flooding
6. prone to landslides or soil erosion
7. child labour
8. high unemployment rate
9. high crime rate
10. segregation
11. lack of electricity
12. lack of healthcare

solution....... self help schemes (Rio de Janeiro)

why no use!!
1. govt: large expense to relocate them
2. just too many of them
3. they are unwilling (no money and far away from work place)
4. strong community spirit


yaaa........ done
the coastal management and the definitions are my biggest problems..
nvr mind.. i trust myself.. i can do it...

.......... wish me good luck............